imgcli — command-line image conversion & processing in C

ImageMagick's power, ffmpeg's syntax, zero dependencies. A tiny C binary that converts, resizes, crops, filters, and composites images — PNG, JPEG, BMP, TGA, GIF, PPM, QOI — driven by an ffmpeg-style filtergraph. No system libraries; compiles anywhere a C11 compiler exists.

⚡ ~8× faster than ImageMagick on common resize/filter ops, in a 232 KB single binary (~470× smaller) — see the benchmarks. A lightweight alternative to ImageMagick convert or ffmpeg for still images.

# Convert + resize + filter in one pass:
imgcli -i photo.jpg -vf "scale=1024:-1,grayscale,contrast=1.2,gblur=1.5" out.png

What it does: format conversion · resize / scale · crop · pad · rotate · flip · brightness / contrast / saturation / gamma / hue · grayscale · sepia · invert · threshold · box & Gaussian blur · sharpen · Sobel edge detect · emboss · custom convolution kernels · alpha-composite overlay · draw boxes · solid fills.

Design: the same paradigm as ffmpeg — decode → normalize to one common frame format (RGBA) → run a comma-separated filtergraph → encode by output extension.

Benchmarks

imgcli vs ImageMagick on an Apple Silicon Mac (single-threaded, warm cache). Reproduce with make && bench/bench.sh — see bench/RESULTS.md for the full method and caveats.

Operation	imgcli	ImageMagick	speedup
PNG→JPEG + resize (one-shot)	1.6 ms	4.7 ms	2.9×
Resize 1200×1200 → 300w	6.0 ms	51.6 ms	8.6×
Grayscale 1200×1200	48.4 ms	389 ms	8.0×

Footprint	imgcli	ImageMagick
Install size	232 KB	~109 MB (≈470× larger)
Dependencies	0 (libc only)	17 packages

ImageMagick is a far broader 16-bit/HDRI toolkit with 200+ formats; imgcli is a lean 8-bit pipeline that wins on speed, size, and startup — the shape that matters when an agent or script spawns one process per task.

Dependencies & formats

The default build is dependency-free — a single binary that links only the system C library (libc). Decoding/encoding is handled by the bundled, public-domain stb and qoi single-header libraries, compiled directly in. Nothing to apt install, no shared libraries, no version hell.

• Built-in formats — no dependencies: PNG, JPEG, BMP, TGA, GIF, PPM, QOI. Other formats that can be implemented in plain C (e.g. TIFF) will also be built in and keep the binary dependency-free.
• Formats that need external libraries — opt-in only: WebP, AVIF, HEIC, and JPEG XL cannot be decoded without large external libraries (libwebp, libavif, libheif, libjxl); there is no public-domain single-header decoder for them and they are not practical to hand-roll. If imgcli adds these, it will be strictly via opt-in build flags (e.g. make WEBP=1) that link those libraries.

The "zero dependencies" claim applies to the default build, and always will — opt-in format libraries are never compiled into it. A build that enables such a flag is, by definition, no longer dependency-free, and that trade-off is stated at the point you opt in.

Why it's structured this way

ffmpeg concept	imgcli equivalent
AVFrame / pixfmt	every image is normalized to packed 8-bit RGBA (Image)
demuxer/decoder	img_load via vendored stb_image (PNG/JPEG/BMP/TGA/GIF/…)
-vf filtergraph	name=a:b:c, name, … chain parsed in filters.c
AVFilter	each filter mutates or replaces the current frame
muxer (by extension)	img_save (png/jpg/bmp/tga + a hand-written PPM writer)
lavfi test sources	testsrc=, color=, gradient=, checker= generators

Codecs come from the public-domain stb single-header libraries (third_party/). They're bundled, not linked, so the tool stays portable and self-contained while still reading/writing the formats the world actually uses — the same trade-off ffmpeg makes by leaning on codec libraries instead of reinventing them.

Install

# Homebrew (macOS / Linux)
brew install swperb/tap/imgcli

# Nix (no install — run straight from GitHub)
nix run github:swperb/imgcli -- -y -i in.png out.jpg
nix profile install github:swperb/imgcli

# Debian / Ubuntu / WSL (.deb from the latest release)
curl -fsSLO https://github.com/swperb/imgcli/releases/latest/download/imgcli_0.5.0_amd64.deb
sudo apt install ./imgcli_0.5.0_amd64.deb

# Arch (AUR)
yay -S imgcli            # or: paru -S imgcli

# Docker
docker run --rm -v "$PWD:/work" -w /work ghcr.io/swperb/imgcli -y -i in.png out.jpg

# Windows — winget
winget install swperb.imgcli
# Windows — Scoop (installs straight from the manifest)
scoop install https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swperb/imgcli/main/packaging/scoop/imgcli.json

# Prebuilt binaries: https://github.com/swperb/imgcli/releases

# From source (only a C compiler and -lm required)
make            # produces ./imgcli
make demo       # generates a few sample images
sudo make install   # installs the binary + man page to /usr/local

Use it as a native agent tool (MCP)

An MCP server wraps imgcli so AI agents can call convert_image, probe_image, and list_filters directly — see mcp/.

Usage

imgcli [-i INPUT]... [-vf GRAPH] [-q N] [-f FMT] [-y|-n] [--json] OUTPUT

  -i INPUT     a file, '-' for stdin, or a generator (testsrc=WxH,
               color=NAME:WxH, gradient=WxH, checker=WxH). Repeat -i for
               compositing inputs; the first is the primary frame, the rest
               feed `overlay`.
  -vf GRAPH    filtergraph, e.g. "scale=800:-1,grayscale,gblur=2"
  -q N         JPEG quality 1..100 (default 90)
  -f FMT       output format (png/jpg/bmp/tga/ppm/qoi); required when OUTPUT
               is '-' (stdout), an optional override for files
  -y / -n      overwrite / never overwrite the output
  --out-dir D  batch mode: write one output per input into D (basename kept,
               extension from -f or the input). Globs in -i are expanded.
  --fail-fast  in batch mode, stop at the first failing file
  --json       emit one machine-readable JSON result line (an array in batch)
  --quiet      suppress the human-readable success line
  --dry-run    validate the filtergraph + report output dims; write nothing
  -filters     list every filter (add --json for a machine-readable list)
  -info        print input dimensions and exit
  -V           print version
  -h           help

OUTPUT is a file path or '-' for stdout. When piping, the result line is
written to stderr so stdout carries only the encoded image bytes.

Batch mode (`--out-dir`) processes each input independently and keeps going on
per-file errors (use `--fail-fast` to stop). The exit code is non-zero if any
file failed.

Colours accept #rgb, #rrggbb, #rrggbbaa, 0x…, r-g-b[-a], or names (red, white, transparent, …). No commas, so they're safe inside a graph.

Filters

Geometry — scale=W:H[:nearest|bilinear|bicubic|lanczos] (-1 keeps aspect; bicubic/lanczos are high-quality separable resamplers that anti-alias on downscale and stay sharp on upscale — bilinear is the default), crop=W:H[:X:Y], pad=W:H[:X:Y[:color]], hflip, vflip, transpose=90|180|270, rotate=DEG[:color] (arbitrary angle, canvas expands).

Colour — grayscale, invert, sepia, solarize, brightness=V, temperature=V, contrast=V, saturation=V, gamma=V, hue=DEG, threshold=V, opacity=V, tint=color.

Convolution — blur=R (box), gblur=SIGMA (separable Gaussian), sharpen[=AMOUNT], edge (Sobel), emboss, convolution=K[:DIV:BIAS] (custom N×N kernel, e.g. convolution=0 -1 0 -1 5 -1 0 -1 0).

Composite / draw — overlay=X:Y[:INDEX] (alpha "over" compositing of another -i input), fill=color, drawbox=X:Y:W:H:color[:fill|thickness].

Examples

# Thumbnail, preserving aspect ratio (lanczos = best downscale quality)
imgcli -i photo.jpg -vf "scale=400:-1:lanczos" thumb.png

# Stylise: desaturate a touch, boost contrast, soften
imgcli -i photo.jpg -vf "saturation=0.6,contrast=1.15,gblur=1" look.jpg

# Watermark a logo in the top-left, 60% opacity, then convert to JPEG
imgcli -i page.png -i logo.png -vf "opacity=0.6,overlay=24:24" out.jpg

# Rotate 30° onto a transparent canvas
imgcli -i sticker.png -vf "rotate=30:transparent" rotated.png

# No input file? Generate a test card.
imgcli -i testsrc=640x480 card.png

# Pipe-friendly: read stdin, write stdout (use -f to name the output format)
curl -s https://example.com/in.png | imgcli -i - -vf "scale=800:-1" -f jpg - > out.jpg

# Batch a whole folder into thumbnails (one call; per-file results)
imgcli -i "photos/*.jpg" --out-dir thumbs -vf "scale=400:-1:lanczos" -f png

For AI agents & scripting

imgcli is built to be a reliable tool in an automated pipeline: one self-contained binary, no dependencies, deterministic, non-interactive, and machine-readable. See AGENTS.md for a token-economical recipe sheet.

# Always pass -y (don't prompt) and --json (parseable result) in automation:
imgcli --json -y -i in.jpg -vf "scale=512:-1" out.png
# -> {"ok":true,"output":"out.png","width":512,"height":341,"format":"png","bytes":34122}

• Deterministic & non-interactive — never prompts; refuses to overwrite without -y; one process per conversion.
• Structured output — --json for results, --quiet to silence chatter; stable exit codes (0 ok, 1 runtime error, 2 usage error).
• No network, no subprocesses — safe to run on untrusted inputs in a sandbox.
• Probe without converting — imgcli --json -info -i file.jpg.

Security

imgcli decodes untrusted image files in C, so memory safety is taken seriously. The codebase has been audited against the OWASP Top 10, common C/CWE classes, and ffmpeg's historical vulnerability classes. Highlights:

• Decompression-bomb safe — dimensions are validated from the header before pixels are decoded; hard caps on size (16384 px/axis, 64 Mpx).
• Integer-overflow-safe allocation through a single capped choke point.
• No protocols/URLs/subprocesses — ffmpeg's worst class (SSRF / file-read via HLS playlists) is structurally impossible here.
• Hardened build (_FORTIFY_SOURCE, stack protector, PIE/RELRO, format warnings), ASan/UBSan (make asan), and a fuzz harness (make fuzz).

Full threat model, OWASP/CWE mapping, ffmpeg-CVE-class analysis, and dependency policy: SECURITY.md.

Layout

src/image.{h,c}    Image (RGBA frame) + load/save (stb glue, PPM writer)
src/filters.{h,c}  filtergraph parser + every filter + registry
src/source.{h,c}   synthetic input generators
src/util.{h,c}     colour / size parsing
src/main.c         CLI argument handling (incl. --json output)
third_party/       vendored stb_image.h, stb_image_write.h (public domain)
fuzz/              libFuzzer harness for the decode -> filtergraph path
AGENTS.md          token-economical usage guide for agents/scripts
SECURITY.md        threat model, OWASP/CWE mapping, hardening, dependency policy

Contributing

Contributor setup, validation targets, filter-registry guidance, and PR expectations live in CONTRIBUTING.md.

Have a question or idea? Use Discussions. For bugs and feature/format requests, open an issue — the templates will guide you.

Support

If imgcli is useful to you, consider sponsoring its development — it funds new formats, security hardening, and maintenance. See SPONSORS.md.

License

The imgcli source is yours to use freely (MIT). The vendored stb headers are public domain (or MIT, at your option) and the vendored qoi.h is MIT-licensed; full third-party notices are in THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md.